Accounting For Depreciation In Relation With Fixed Assets - Samples

Question: Talk about the Accounting For Depreciation In Relation With Fixed Assets. Answer: This reflection article will be founded on my learning involvement with connection to the representing devaluation with regards to fixed resources. Preceding this appraisal, two exploration recommendations have been created according to this theme and with the assistance of different examinations, it has been assessed that devaluation is a sort of cost for the association and this ought to be denoted each year in the fiscal reports. This likewise causes the organization to break down the current estimation of the benefits alongside the pace of deterioration which should be forced (Epstein McFarlan, 2011). In view of my experience and gaining from past appraisals, I took in the noteworthiness and the need of devaluation in an association. There are two sorts of benefits current and fixed resources. Current resources are those which can be sold inside the one year from buy and fixed resources are those which take over one year to be exchanged. Among the different measures for estimating the estimation of fixed resources, I have understood that moderate methodology will enable the association to pick up the fitting outcomes according to the desires. This methodology gives clear and exact data with respect to assessing the estimation of the fixed resources (Kang Zhao, 2010). Aside from this, I likewise discovered that these methodologies are sufficiently proficient to cover all the charges comparable to a wide range of different costs which would create clear results corresponding to fiscal summaries. According to my sentiment, deterioration is a serious helpful thing in assessing the rea l existence of fixed resources and it prompts increment in the expenses of those benefits. Fixed resources are long haul unmistakable properties for association which assists with producing incomes and to achieves the functionalities of association in a fitting way. I understood that the idea of deteriorations actualized with the view to increment fixed expenses with the view to diminish the overall revenue. With the assistance of devaluation, foreseen fixed expenses are expanded significantly and association could without much of a stretch decide their benefits that will likewise incorporate the costs of deterioration (Radu Marius, 2011). Based on subject of the examination proposition representing devaluation in connection with fixed resources, I have dissected that different bookkeeping passages should be made to charge the fixed resource as a cost toward an amazing finish cycle. With the assistance of these passages, long time utilization of the fixed resources could likewise be reflected. Devaluation is a charge which is forced on the fixed resource so as to dissect its normal life. For a while, fixed resources could be utilized alongside continuously diminishing its worth. Alongside this, I likewise understood that on one side deterioration is being charged to record the cost against fixed resource's cost where, then again, incomes are additionally recorded which are started from its use. As I would see it, if entire devaluation has been charged in the main year of acquisition of the advantage then additionally incomes would be begun from its use and those will likewise be reflected in the fiscal summaries of the association. According to my learning experience, this will make negative effect over the monetary presentation of the association since incomes and the costs won't coordinate for the further timespan and it will be contrary to the coordinating rule. Accordingly, I have understood that charges of devaluation should be recorded for all the years in which fixed resource has been utilized for creating incomes (Christensen Nikolaev, 2013). While assessing the past appraisals, I have understood that every one of these hypotheses and ideas are simply hypothetical angles which varies from the real results. Incomes can't be produced with one resource regardless of its temperament for example current or fixed. Incomes are begun from the creation procedure and this procedure revels gathering of advantages. Aside from this, I have additionally understood that the devaluation is a cost which is being charged against the expense of the advantage according to the incomes. A similar technique is being followed for quite a long while till the time, estimation of that specific resource becomes nil. Without devaluation, entire expense of the fixed resource will be charged in the time of its buy which will prompt decrease in the pace of benefits for the association. In the year under which fixed resources have been bought, benefits of the organization will be less in contrast with the previous years and future years (Giarola, Shah Be zzo, 2012). Further, in the following year, benefits will bit by bit increment which will prompts befuddle idea. For receiving the standard of consistency, it is required to charge the deterioration against the expense of fixed resource according to keeping up the suitable pace of benefits and to show development of the association. With the assistance of this hypothesis, association will have the option to achieve its ideal objectives just as association will effectively have the option to pull in people in general for raising the capital (Kieso, Weygandt Warfield, 2010). It is important to assess the variables of devaluation as it assumes pivotal job in understanding the two terms for example idea of deterioration and the importance of devaluation. Alongside the components, measures ought to likewise be assessed which are required for assessing the pace of deterioration which could give most extreme advantages to the association. Following elements have been assessed by me subsequent to examining the above evaluations: Valuable life: It is the timespan which an organization expects that the specific resource will be helpful and will give adequate measure of results based on hierarchical desires. After that timespan, resources effectiveness will be assessed so fitting choice could be taken in pertinence with the manner of the benefit or for proceeding with the utilization of that advantage. In the most recent year of advantages life, entire residual sum will be charged against the rest of the expense of the benefit (Warren Jones, 2018). Rescue esteem: It is the worth which is gotten from offering the advantage for the piece vendor. This sum is decreased from the expense of fixed resource and afterward deterioration is being charged. Strategy for deterioration: Method of devaluation ought to be utilized based on hierarchical bookkeeping arrangements and based on helpful existence of the benefit. Quickened strategy is the best methodology of charging devaluation as this encourages the association to charge more pace of deterioration in the initial barely any years in connection with diminishing the personal assessment in contrast with the later periods (Rambaud Richard, 2015). As I would like to think, deterioration is connected to different issues, for example, it doesn't identify with the current estimation of the advantage. Devaluation is charged on the past estimation of the benefit in which it has been bought independent of its present worth. While making the companys income and other budget summaries, devaluation turns into the significant issue. Devaluation can't be applied to the immaterial resources and for amortization is being actualized over these advantages with the assistance of straight-line strategy (Feng Figliozzi, 2013). Along these lines, in my perspective deterioration assumes pivotal job as far as keeping up the authoritative productivity. Deterioration encourages the association to decide the life of advantage and it is charged slowly in regard of its life period. Alongside this, devaluation ought to be charged against the expense of the fixed resource and in the initial hardly any long stretches of acquisition of the benefit, measure of deterioration ought to be accused more in examination of the further years (Crosby, Devaney Nanda, 2016). References Christensen, H.B. furthermore, Nikolaev, V.V., 2013. Does reasonable worth representing non-money related resources pass the market test?.Review of Accounting Studies,18(3), pp.734-775. Crosby, N., Devaney, S. also, Nanda, A., 2016. Which variables drive rental deterioration rates for office and mechanical properties? Diary of Real Estate Research,38(3), pp.359-392. Epstein, M.J. also, McFarlan, F.W., 2011. Estimating the productivity and viability of a charitable's performance.Strategic finance,93(4), pp.27-35. Feng, W. also, Figliozzi, M., 2013. A financial and innovative examination of the key elements influencing the seriousness of electric business vehicles: A contextual analysis from the USA market.Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies,26, pp.135-145. Giarola, S., Shah, N. what's more, Bezzo, F., 2012. A thorough way to deal with the plan of ethanol flexibly chains including carbon exchanging effects.Bioresource technology,107, pp.175-185. Kang, S.H. furthermore, Zhao, Y., 2010. Data substance and worth significance of devaluation: a cross-industry analysis.The Accounting Review,85(1), pp.227-260. Kieso, D.E., Weygandt, J.J. furthermore, Warfield, T.D., 2010.Intermediate bookkeeping: IFRS edition(Vol. 2). John Wiley Sons. Radu, D. furthermore, Marius, D., 2011. Issues identified with the bookkeeping treatment of the unmistakable and immaterial resources depreciation.Annals of the University of Oradea: Economic Science,1(2), pp.498-502. Rambaud, A. furthermore, Richard, J., 2015. The Triple Depreciation Line rather than the Triple Bottom Line: towards a certified coordinated reporting.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,33, pp.92-116. Warren, C.S. furthermore, Jones, J., 2018.Corporate money related bookkeeping. Cengage Learning.

Untitled (Society Portrait) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Untitled (Society Portrait) - Essay Example On the principal look at the representation, it appears that the woman unquestionably has a place with the highborn section of the general public. Lying halfâ€seated on a sofa, the woman appears to be somewhat meditative in mind-set. The shade of her skin, hair and eyes show that she is European by race. Strangely, truth be told, not many hues are utilized in the picture. Yellow, white, dim and shades of earthy colored both profound and light are schematically utilized in the image. Simultaneously, one can contend as that these coolers are building a topic for the representation of the mysterious woman also. Interestingly, the foundation hues are a lot of various and the painter utilizes light and dim shades of blue alongside tinge and shades of earthy colored over it which is very much synchronized and picked intentionally as the shading plan of the representation is on the lighter and boring side. Utilization of light is done carefully all through the picture and the lines are fine to the point that no one will ever discover in deciding the state of mind and signal of the woman. The love seat then again is casted with the tint of red shading and here too the utilization of earthy colored both light and dull shades have been efficient remembering the genuine shading plan of the picture. Taking a look at the socio-social part of the general public picture separated from its specialized side, it tends to be very much stated that the haircut and the sort of closet, the woman is setting up demonstrates a time allotment of early 50% of the twentieth century. During that time, butterfly sleeves and utilization of shrugs, stoles and shroud were normal. The woman is additionally setting up an accessory made of some yellow dabs; the decision of basic yet dazzling gems as far as both the neckband and the ear-ring and wristlet on the left hand is demonstrating a sign of tasteful style. The woman is most likely holding her pack or a cover dark in shading and curiously the side of the lounge chair is having dull earthy colored and dark tones which is placed corresponding to the lady’s dark

NACAC Conference

NACAC Conference For the past three days, I was at the conference of the National Association of College Admission Counseling (NACAC). NACAC is the primary professional association for guidance counselors and admissions officers, and once a year they gather for a conference. This years conference was in Tampa, FL, and MIT had seven representatives: myself, Marilee, Jenny, Joanne, Edmund, Bryan and Ben. It was quite an interesting conference. The NACAC Conference Tampa logo. I like attending professional conferences (see: NEACAC, OACAC) because I come away feeling energized, with many ideas, and having learned something new. This year, some of the sessions included: Dealing with Natural DisastersThe New TOEFL is Here!Helping Students with Aspergers and Nonverbal Learning Disabilities Go To CollegeThe Common Application Q and AStudent Performance on the New SATRecommendations: The Good, the Bad, and the Oh-So-Stale I am drawn to sessions with inspiring speakers. Some of the speakers I saw: Freeman Hrabowski, President of University of Maryland, Baltimore County. Donna Shalala, President of the University of Miami. At right, Donna Shalala addresses a standing room only crowd, with University of Miami Dean of Admissions Ed Gillis looking on. At left, Shalalas adoring audience. Lloyd Thacker, Executive Director of the Education Conservancy. Lloyd Thacker leads a panel discussion on ethical admissions, which included admissions deans from UNC-Chapel Hill and Kenyon College. Dave Barry, syndicated humor columnist for the Miami Herald. Dave Barry huge on the big screen, with the real Dave Barry at the podium. Also among the presenters was Marilee Jones, our Dean of Admissions. She presented on the topic, College Admission as a Mental Health Issue. Like many who are involved with admissions, Marilee is very concerned about the stress placed on students and families by the pressures to be admitted to the right college. The sign announcing Marilees talk, and Marilee addressing the crowd. On the final day of the conference, Ben and I gave our presentation about what else? these very blogs. Our mission was to tell other admissions offices 1) what a blog is, and 2) how blogs can be used to demystify the admissions process and provide students with real insight into life on campus. We hope that other admissions offices will start staff and student blogs, and based on feedback, this is happening! If you attended our presentation and are reading this, I hope youll say a quick hi in the comments section below. Ben presents blogging to the crowd (Im behind the camera). We presented to an enormous ballroom that was about half-full; no one wanted to sit in the front, though, it seems. The NACAC conference also included a Counselors College Fair (I may have even said hello to your counselor), a Conference Social (which I missed), and the members meeting, where Crucial Admissions Business is voted upon. I also learned a bit more about options for international students. Coming in, I knew about the six schools that are known for admitting international students in a need blind fashion and meeting their full financial need: MIT, Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Williams, and Middlebury. But I was not aware of some other schools that have many, many international students who receive great financial aid, including Berea College, Colby College, and, most notably, Mount Holyoke, where their large population of international women is greeted with generous aid packages. It was also nice to get to catch up with my MIT colleagues for a couple nice dinners. We dined Friday night at Columbia Restaurant, Floridas oldest Spanish restaurant, housed in a beautiful space in Ybor City, where we ate and watched the Flamenco dance show together. Since weve all been on the road traveling so much, it was nice to see everyone again. Columbia Restaurant, home to delicious food and great Flamenco dancers. We also dined together Thursday night, and got a nice picture: From left: Marilee, Bryan, Edmund, myself (behind the camera: Ben) Im in the office in Cambridge briefly again today, then tomorrow I fly out to Southern California. Ill be doing Central Meetings this week in Orange County (Wednesday), Westwood (Thursday), San Diego (Saturday) and Pomona (Sunday), followed by meetings in San Luis Obispo (Wednesday) and Long Beach (Thursday) next week. Ill be seeing those of you in Southern California soon!

Homework Help Organizing a Day Planner

Weve all been there at some point. Somehow, that assignment due date just slipped up on us without our noticing. That is why organizational skills are so important to school performance. Who can afford to score a big fat 0 on a paper, just because we got lazy and didnt pay attention to the due date? Who wants to get an F because we forgot to put our completed project in our book bag the night before it was due? Poor organization skills can reduce your final scores by a whole letter grade. Thats why you should learn to use a day planner the right way. Tips for Using a Planner Pick the right planner. Take your time when choosing a pocket planner. Find one that fits inside a special pocket or pouch in your book bag if you can. Avoid planners with locks or zippers that will only annoy you. Little things like that will become a hassle and create bad habits.Name your planner.  Yes, give it a name. Why? Youre less likely to neglect something with a name and a strong identity. When you name an object you give it more of a presence in your life. Call it something goofy or something sentimental—it doesnt matter. You dont have to tell anybody if you dont want to!Make the planner a part of your daily routine. Carry it with you at all times and remember to check it every morning and every night.Fill in your assignment due dates as soon as you learn them. Get in the habit of writing in your planner while youre still in the classroom. Write the assignment on the page of the due date and put a reminder message a few days before the due date. Dont put it off!Lea rn to use backward planning. When you write a due date in your planner, go back a day or a week and give yourself a reminder that the due date is approaching.Use a color-coding system. Keep some colored stickers on hand and use those for reminders that a due date or other important event is approaching. For instance, use a yellow caution sticker to serve as a warning two days before your research paper is due.Put everything  in your planner. You must remember that anything that takes up time, like a date or a ball game, will keep you from working on an assignment. If you dont put these things in your planner as time out, you may not realize how limited your homework time really is. This leads to cramming and all-nighters.Use flags. You can buy sticky-note flags and use them as tabs to indicate the end of a term or the due date of a large project. This is a great visual tool that serves as a constant reminder of an imminent due date.Dont discard old pages. You will always have impo rtant information in your planner that youll need to see again at a later date. Old phone numbers, reading assignments—youll want to remember those things later on. Its wise to keep a large envelope or folder for old planner pages.Go ahead and congratulate yourself ahead of time. On the day after a big project is due, put in a reward appointment, like a trip to the mall or a meal out with friends. This can serve as a positive reinforcement. Things to Include in Your Planner It is important to block off anything that consumes your time, in order to avoid conflict and crisis. Dont forget: Regular blocks of homework timeAssignment due datesTest datesDances, parties, dates, celebrationsFamily gatherings, vacations, excursionsSAT, ACT test datesSign-up deadlines for standardized testsFees—due datesHolidays*College application due dates

Vulgar Latin Why Late Latin Was Called Vulgar

Vulgar Latin isnt filled with profanities or a slang version of Classical Latin—although there certainly were vulgar words. Rather, Vulgar Latin is the father of the Romance languages; Classical Latin, the Latin we study,  is their grandfather. Vulgar Latin  was spoken differently in different countries, where, over time, it became such familiar modern languages as Spanish, Italian, French, Catalan, Romanian, and Portuguese. There are others less commonly spoken. The Spread of Latin When the Roman Empire expanded, the language and customs of the Romans spread to peoples who already had their own languages and cultures. The growing Empire required soldiers to be positioned at all the outposts. These soldiers came from all over the Empire and spoke Latin diluted by their native tongues. The Latin Spoken in Rome In Rome itself, the common people did not speak the stilted Latin that we know of as Classical Latin, the literary language of the first century B.C. Not even the aristocrats, like Cicero,  spoke the literary language, although they wrote it. We can say this because, in some of Ciceros personal correspondence, his Latin was less than the polished form we think of as typically Ciceronian. Classical Latin was, therefore, not the lingua franca of the Roman Empire, even if Latin, in one form or another was. Vulgar Latin and Classical Latin Throughout the Empire, Latin was spoken in many forms, but it was basically the version of Latin called Vulgar Latin, the fast-changing Latin of the common people (the word vulgar comes from the Latin word for the common people, like the Greek hoi polloi the many). Vulgar Latin was a simpler form of literary Latin. It dropped terminal letters and syllables (or they metathesized).It decreased the use of inflections  since prepositions (ad ( à  ) and de) came to serve in place of case endings on nouns.Colorful or slang (what we think of as vulgar) terms replaced traditional ones—testa meaning jar replaced caput for head. You may see some of what had happened to Latin by the 3rd or 4th century A.D. when a list of 227 fascinating corrections (basically, Vulgar Latin, wrong; Classical Latin, right) was compiled by Probus. Latin Dies a Lingering Death Between the changes in the language wrought by the native speakers of Latin, the changes made by the soldiers, and the interaction between Latin and the local languages, Latin was doomed—at least in common speech. For professional and religious matters, Latin based on the literary Classical model  continued, but only the well-educated could speak or write it. The everyday person spoke the everyday language, which, with the passing years, diverged more and more from even Vulgar Latin, so that, by the end of the sixth century, people from different sections of the Empire could no longer understand people in others: Latin had been replaced by the Romance languages. Living Latin Although both Vulgar and Classical Latin have largely been replaced by the Romance languages, there are still people who speak Latin. In the Roman Catholic Church, ecclesiastical Latin never entirely died out and has seen an increase in recent years. Some organizations deliberately use Latin so people can live or work in a living Latin environment. There has been a radio news broadcast from Finland that is delivered all in Latin. There are also childrens books that have been translated into Latin. There are also people who turn to Latin for new names for new objects, but this only requires an understanding of individual words and is not a living use of the Latin language. A Nosferatic Language? There is no rule against academics taking their inspirations from B-movies, but this may surprise you. Someone on the Classics-L email list referred to Latin as a Nosferatic Language. If you try Googling the term, Google will suggest Nostratic language, because Nosferatic is something of a punning neologism. A Nostratic language is a proposed macro-family of languages. A Nosferatic language is an undead language, like the vampire Nosferatu for whom it is named. English and Latin English  has lots of words of Latin origin. Some of these words are changed to make them more like other English words—mostly by changing the ending (e.g., office from the Latin officium), but other Latin words are kept intact in English. Of these words, there are some that remain unfamiliar and are generally italicized to show that they are foreign, but there are others that are used with nothing to set them apart as imported from Latin. You may not even be aware that they are from Latin.   Whether you want to translate a short English phrase (like Happy Birthday) into Latin or a Latin phrase into English, you can not just plug the words into a dictionary and expect an accurate result. You cant with most modern languages, but the lack of a one-to-one correspondence is even greater for Latin and English. Latin Religious Words in English If you want to say that the prospects are bleak, you could say it doesnt augur well. Augur is used as a verb in this English sentence, with no particular religious connotation. In ancient Rome, an augur was a religious figure who observed natural phenomena, like the presence and location to left or right of birds, to determine whether the prospects were good or bad for a proposed venture.

Business Ethics and Their Role in Organizational Development Free Essays

Business Ethics and their role in Organizational Development Brett Ballesteros National University In business today there are many different forms of operation and ways of achieving a successful firm. Organizational behaviors are key to insuring a business withstands the test of time and does so through the individual employees that are the foundation to firms around the world. These individuals must live and work by a set of ethics that the company and their everyday lives have instilled in them. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Ethics and Their Role in Organizational Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ethics can either make or break a company through employees application of this concept in the workplace. Ethics can be defined as a â€Å"moral philosophy involving systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior† (Fieser, 2003). In business, these ethics need to reflect the ideology and morals a company is built upon through the individuals and groups that represent a firm. The code of ethics for any business is put in place to ensure that their position on integrity and conduct are not compromised. A business must maintain a certain level of integrity in order to be trusted not only by consumers, but its employees as well, as this is the cornerstone for corporate relationships. This code of ethics is typically based on the basic principles of right and wrong, whereas the individual must be able to differentiate between the two when formulating decisions that will directly affect the companies integrity. These decisions may not be entirely clear due to the nature and uniqueness to the different possible situations that may arise. Business ethics are there to make sure the business itself is governing good behavior. That’s why there are certain laws to prevent companies from over-working employees, or making sure children are not working for them as well. When companies use business ethics, it gives them a chance to show their morals. Every company should have a set of morals that they conduct their business by. Having these moral beliefs in a company gives the business something to set the rules by. It makes it much easier for managers employees to make their decisions based on their set of business ethics because that way they have a set of morals they can abide by when handling business decision-making. â€Å"Consequential theories of ethics emphasize the consequences or results of behavior. John Stuart Mill’s utilitarianism, a well-known consequential theory, suggests that right and wrong are determined by the consequences of the action. â€Å"Good† is the ultimate moral value, and we should maximize the most good for the greatest number of people† (Nelson Quick, 2012). It’s only obvious that good business ethics include having good moral as is. No one person wants to work for a company that they fell has bad morals. According to the company, Levi Strauss Co. they set their business ethics up to: honesty, promise-keeping, fairness, respect for others, compassion, and integrity. They state, â€Å"As we seek to achieve responsible commercial success, we will be challenged to balance these principles against each other, always mindful of our promise to shareholders, that we will achieve responsible commercial success† (Stillman). A smart business knows that it must set ethics, character, and personal integrity inside each of its employees. This way each employee knows what is expected of them and that they are comfortable in their workplace. Not every job that I have attained has had good business ethics, but the ones that do are the ones that have stuck with me. If the employer treats their employee right it can only reap great reward. If an employee loves working for their company they are going to want that business to succeed, so they will promote the place and receive more sales that way. When it comes down to it, every person wants to work for a company who has great morals. Whether people actually abide by these â€Å"good† morals in life, they always tend to want to find a company who will keep these business ethics in mind. Good business ethics plainly mean that the people working there are going to have good morals. Having good business ethics means the company is going to receive trust of their employees which is going to build business partners and clients alike. In order for companies to attract and retain valuable employees, good ethic treatment is necessary. Every company has a code that they set their ethics to, and as long as they abide by those codes they are going to have people who are willing to work hard for them, also when these employees work hard it makes sense that the company should provide ethic praise. How to cite Business Ethics and Their Role in Organizational Development, Papers

Planning Systems on Management Control Systems

Question: Discuss about the Planning Systems on Management Control Systems. Answer: Introduction: The article herein presents the brief understanding of management control system practised in the mature, revival and growth firms. The article suggests the significance of organisational life cycle stage and service process type as this issue has been not addressed in a detailed manner. The results derived from testing the relationship between MCS and organisational life cycle stage as well as service process types through the hypothesis for which a cross-sectional survey was conducted among 105 firms operating n several industries on different life cycle stages (Kallunki, Laitinen, and Silvola, 2011). It has been seen that the characteristics of the firm reported in the life cycle literature affect the use of advanced cost-accounting systems differing across different stages of life cycle. Strength of the article A distinctive characteristic of the phases of the life cycle and its emphasis on management company structure has been clearly stated highlighting the strong basis of conducting the article (Su, Baird and Schoch, 2015). The test has been conducting using cross-sectional survey that proclaims interpretation on the ground of evidence provided through such survey. Weaknesses of the article Assumptions have been drawn about the distinct stages of life cycle, which may be not true and valid for all cases. The cross-sectional test has presented data which prevents any further tests for causality (Schoute, 2011). The more complicated relationship can be captured in the proposed direct relationship. The article comprises of variables, which are undertaken to keep it exploratory, but the ideas put forth may warrant further investigation. References Kallunki, J.P., Laitinen, E.K. and Silvola, H., 2011. Impact of enterprise resource planning systems on management control systems and firm performance.International Journal of Accounting Information Systems.12(1). pp.20-39. Schoute, M., 2011. The relationship between product diversity, usage of advanced manufacturing technologies and activity-based costing adoption. The British Accounting Review.43(2). pp.120-134. Su, S., Baird, K. and Schoch, H., 2015. The moderating effect of organisational life cycle stages on the association between the interactive and diagnostic approaches to using controls with organisational performance.Management Accounting Research.26. pp.40-53.

A company’s ethical climate Essay Example

A company’s ethical climate Essay Example A company’s ethical climate Essay A company’s ethical climate Essay When we say ethical climate, it refers to the unified way of thinking of a certain group of people regarding moral, societal and cultural issues. This is the totality of their perspectives and insights on various things or issues. It is â€Å"the way [they] do it,† to sum up the definition of ethical climate. Through the advances of a leader or a manager, a company is able to achieve a certain ethical climate that would be the basis of how they run their work. It is important to develop such ethical climate so that unity between the employees could be promoted. If everyone goes by the ethical climate, the company will more or less be a unified unit when it comes to ethical issues.However, some companies often don’t achieve ethical climate because of several aspects. These are the factors that can hinder a company or an organization to obtain an ethical climate. They are considered to be obstacles, and needs to be taken care of as soon as possible. These obstacles involv e issues between employees themselves. An example would be the pressures to conform to the company’s â€Å"standards.† These standards are not set by the company themselves but arises from the way other employees â€Å"do things.† Another obstacle would be in the form of company/managers-employees relations. An example would be on the evaluations and rewards, where most employees aim hard to achieve, often working as an individual instead of cooperating with a team. Another is fragmentation and deference to authority. Some employees view highly of themselves which would lead to separations and factions.No matter what the cost, a company should strive hard to achieve an ethical climate. This would assure them of a better future as a successful organization. The key is to cooperate not only with co-employees but also to the superiors. If you are able to reach a conglomeration of ideas, then it is highly possible that an ethical climate would be achieved. All it ta kes is for all parties to do their share, and they will all reap the fruits of their cooperation.

Global Financial Imbalances Essay The WritePass Journal

Global Financial Imbalances Essay Global Financial Imbalances Essay How the arrangements of global trade act as a driver of global imbalances Global Financial Imbalances Essay , p. 47). Against such kind of economic activities, the trade deficits constitute a major hindrance to economic activities as they reduce employment and demand and as a consequence forces governments to intervene by running huge fiscal deficits. The external demand that the surplus economies rely on is heavily dependent on unsustainable policies in the economies with deficits. You can also review Finance Essay on Savings and Loans Crisis Theoretical foundation Unger: institutional arrangements and outcomes Roberto Unger proposes an institutional arrangement for the organisation of civil societies, democracies and market economies. He claims that neo-liberalisation of trade is based on theory of comparative advantage that is too partial. It is this partiality that has created global trade imbalances. Roberto Unger argues that the current model of comparative advantage used for free trade arguments is not only partial but is also incomplete and empirically inaccurate to permit the formulation of global business policies. His major concern is the trade policies and designs of the global trading systems which he thinks are inherently designed to create trade imbalances (Claessens, et al 2010, p.81). The theory of comparative advantage is incomplete because it has as a premise the existence of an established comparative advantage. The comparative advantage in the real world is a function of a complex array of economic, social, and political factors. As such it is not possible to determine a case for free trade until fully taking into account the manner in which these factors interact to create the regime of an economy. It is these differences relative to unit costs across countries that create comparative advantage. Different trade agreements often have an effect on the patterns of advantage that an economy can develop and then eventual gains it can attain from free trade. In addition to this, the trade theories often find that multiple world equilibriums exists both in the presence of increasing returns and scale economies as well as the conventional return models (Unger 2005, p. 89). Whichever of these equilibriums the global economy leads a country into affects the aggregate efficiency and distribution of the gains from trade across nations. In the process of selecting equilibrium, broader political and social processes are likely to play a significant role. Only once the effects of trade restrictions on social and political forces have been determined and the eventual selection of an equilibrium made, can a definitive case for or against liberal trade policies be made. This is the reason why Unger proposed the development of a more complex theory of trade premised on a set of basic ideas that play analogous role for labelling the assumptions of a formal model. Without the formal model that takes into account all the factors that affect equilibrium, then the trade imbalances will continue to exist. Other Causes of Trade Imbalance Some countries like China are fuelling imbalance in the global economy by devaluing the Yuan like the Japanese did 26 years ago (Aaronson Zimmerman 2008, p.81). The country is accused of intentionally devaluing its exchange rates. Although it is not easy to accurately calculate the exchange rate of the Yuan, economists believe it is undervalued by up to 40% and consensus indicate that the policy of China of stockpiling foreign exchange reserves is responsible for this (Aaronson Zimmerman 2008, p.33). The country has been able to use its huge trade surplus to buy US currency and treasuries in order to maintain a high demand for the US Dollar and make the Yuan appear relatively cheap. This raises the price competitiveness of China against the United States. Acts of money intervention by China to create trade imbalance is deliberate as it spends a lot of money in the market to keep the Yuan undervalued. This market interference by China is fuelling trade deficits in the United States because American companies are forced to outsource jobs to China in order to be able to enjoy cheap labour (Claessens, Evenett Hoekman 2010, p. 64). The purchasing power of the Chinese is equally suppressed because they are less able to afford foreign products and increase their living standards. This makes it hard for foreign companies to sell their products in the country because the weak Yuan renders them expensive for the average Chinese consumer. The manipulation of trade by China is also fuelling overconsumption in the United States by buying up government treasuries. The artificial suppression of the value of Yuan allows the treasury department to lower the long term interest rates. This fuels the western and American debt, over consumption and ensures that the demand for the Chinese exports is sustained. Although such a practice is not illegal, it creates imbalance in the global trade arena. Although the East and China have played a major role in the provision of attractively priced commodities and financing the western debts, the west has also been responsible for the creation of trade imbalance owing to their inability to control their over consumption (Berger and Nitsch 2010, p. 62). Other than the manipulation of currency by China, the country also supresses labour rights thus lowering the costs of production in the country. The repression of labour by the Chinese government has lowered the manufacturing wages of the workers by approximately 47% to 86% (Chen et al 2012, p.86). The country also provides huge direct export subsidies to its major industries in order to boost production for the export market. Finally, China maintains strict non-tariff barriers to imports. This has ensured that the country maintains trade imbalance with other countries and as at 2011 the Chinese exports to the US were more than four times what the United States exported to China. This trade imbalance from China was further enhanced partly when the country was accepted into the World Trade Organisation without inclusion of a clause to improve the environmental standards and the labour conditions. The entry of China into the economic playing field has further worsened things for the domestic workers in the United States in favour of the multinational companies working in China. You can also review Free International Relations Trade Dissertation Essay Conclusion This essay has identified the different factors affecting the balance of trade on the international arena. Some countries are deliberately carrying out actions to influence the balance of trade in their favour at the expense of the other partners. Although there are countries that are interfering with the global balance provided by the international market, there is need for countries to look into better ways of ensuring that a good business environment is provided for all and proper mechanisms enacted to ensure that no member state flouts the rules and policies You can also review International Business Environment  Essay References Aaronson, S. A., Zimmerman, J. M. (2008). Trade imbalance: The struggle to weigh human rights concerns in trade policymaking. New York, N.Y., : Cambridge University Press. Berger, H., Nitsch, V., International Monetary Fund. (2010). The Euro?s Effect on Trade Imbalances. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund. Chen, R., Milesi-Ferretti, G.-M., Tressel, T., International Monetary Fund., International Monetary Fund. (2012). External imbalances in the Euro area. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund. Claessens, S., Evenett, S. J., Hoekman, B. M. (2010). Rebalancing the global economy: A primer for policymaking. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research. Duncan, R. (2013). The dollar crisis: Causes, consequences, cures. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. Fund, I. M. (2010). European Financial Linkages. Washington: International Monetary Fund. Haddad, M., Shepherd, B., World Bank. (2011). Managing openness: Trade and outward-oriented growth after the crisis. Washington, D.C: World Bank. Hall, P. V., McCalla, R. J., Comtois, C., Slack, B. (2011). Integrating seaports and trade corridors. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate. Koo, R. C. (2011). The Holy Grail of Macroeconomics: Lessons from Japans Great Recession. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Korea-World Bank High Level Conference on Post-Crisis Growth and Development, Fardoust, S., Kim, Y., Sepulveda, C. P., World Bank., Taeoe Kyŏngje Chŏngchaek Yŏnguwŏn (Korea). (2011). Postcrisis growth and development: A development agenda for the G-20. Washington, D.C: World Bank. Morrison, C. E., Pedrosa, E., Pacific Economic Cooperation Council., APEC Business Advisory Council., Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. (2007). An APEC trade agenda?: The political economy of a free trade area of the Asia-Pacific. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Pettis, M. (2013). The great rebalancing: Trade, conflict, and the perilous road ahead for the world economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Rebucci, A., Batini, N., Cova, P., Pisani, M. (2009). Global Imbalances. Washington: International Monetary Fund. Unger, R. M. (2005). What should the Left propose?. London: Verso. For other resources, please take a look at WritePass Journal.   If you need to place an order, please visit our website.

The devil's highway Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The devil's highway - Essay Example The problem between the Mexican and US borders needs to be viewed from the humanitarian angle. But unfortunately it is (mis)managed and treated as if it is a war-zone. The book by Luis Alberto Urrea, â€Å"The Devil’s Highway: A True Story,† highlights a grave incident. More must have happened in the past. This highway is managed by insensitive personnel, with devilish tendencies. In May 2001, twenty-six Mexican men smuggled themselves through the border and reached an area of the deadly Arizona desert known as the Devil’s Highway. The dangers ahead were well-known to them. Yet for the sake of a bright career, they mortgaged their lives. Through the arduous journey, 14 died and 12 reached their destination. The author describes the disposal of the dead bodies thus: â€Å"The dead bodies, dense and dark, were zipped into bags and delivered to the loading docks.† (Urrea, p.191)The hurdles before them were obvious-- La Migra-the US Border patrol, the Mexican Federals, gung-ho gringo vigilantes, who invariably took law into their own hands, the burning 110 degree sun that spared none, the rattlesnakes, and what not! The coy otes were the group’s smugglers, who specialized in such adventurous clandestine immigration activity. While narrating the grim tragedy that struck this group of 26, the author analyzes the economic factors and the harsh immigration policy, which creates the artificial barrier between the peoples. The conditions at both the borders are no helpful; they are exploitative. The saga of the twenty-six men contains the important message for the right-thinking people of both the countries, Mexico and USA. The pages of human history are daubed in bloodshed in the name religion, race, color and territorial aggrandizement and they raise several crying questions for humanity. Industrialization, internet revolution, material civilization and globalization have added one more acute problem to the existing woes of the humanity—that of

People Organization Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

People Organization Management - Essay Example A service industry is engaged in the production of tangible or intangible services that are of value to consumers as a final product. Work is any activity that an individual engages in on behalf of another individual or organization, with the purposes of accomplishing that activity or task within the set time frame to get a reward. The reward may be in the form of money or recognition. Managers are individuals entitled to make decision on how an organization operates. These individuals are in charge of the organization as a whole. On the other hand, the work of a supervisor is to basically ensure that the employees perform their duties as required by the managers. The supervisor is only responsible for the employees he supervises, not for the whole organization Political environment impacts heavily on every business organization, no matter its size or area of operation. Political factors impacts on an organization notwithstanding the fact that the organization may be domestic, national, or international. First, a government can restrict or control an organization's activities by offering support and encouraging, or by restricting, banning, or discouraging its activities. Secondly, due to political factors, a company's trading licence may be withdrawn by the government thereby effectively curtailing its operations in a given country. 6. "Give two examples of how the nature of work was affected by the so-called Industrial Revolution." Industrial revolution happened when there was an extensive replacement of manual work by machines. It began in Britain in the 18th century. First, agricultural economies were transformed into industrial ones. Man used to dig and plant the farms manually, but this was replaced by machines following the industrial revolution. Secondly, goods that were traditionally been produced from home in small quantities started to be mass-produced in factories in large quantities. The industrial revolution changed the nature of production. Also, to increase efficiency, large groups of enterprises would occupy a limited area. The nature of work was affected in that people started to move from rural areas into urban areas in search of work. 7. "Explain what Goldthorpe et al (1968) meant by their classification of an 'instrumental' orientation to work." This is where people are faced with a dilemma of having to choose between work that give an individual variety, relative autonomy, and scope for initiative, and work which for any talent level, affords the individual the uppermost going rate for economic return. 8. "What would you expect to happen to the wage rates of a particular occupation for whose services demand increased in the labour market'" The wage rate is expected to go up to reflect the increased demand of the services in the labour mar

Involved In Knowing A Word

Involved In Knowing A Word Word knowledge plays an important role in language teaching, it provides the basis for learners to grasp four language skills listening, speaking, reading and writing. Without a certain amount of words, learners cannot expect to understand fully the content of listening and reading and express their meaning clearly in the process of speaking and writing. Lexical competence is one of components of communicative competence (Meara 1996).however, knowing a word is complicated and it involves knowing its form, meaning and use (Nation,2001) .e.g. spelling, pronunciation, grammar, denotative and connotative meaning, word associations, frequency, collocation and register. For English Learners in China, due to limited exposure to the target language, they have got difficulties with collocations and collocation errors are often found in their writing and speaking. In order to achieve a high level of competence in English, it is better for students to know more collocations. Nowadays in China, collocation has become one of the most important issues in English language teaching and learning. In this paper, firstly, the author attempts to explain and exemplify the question of what is involved in knowing a word, and some aspects of word knowledge are discussed. Secondly, collocation as one aspect of word knowledge is chosen to discuss in more detail, then some issues with respect to collocation are discussed, including the definition of collocation, the classification of collocations and the significant of collocation,. Finally, it deals with the classroom practice, as an English language teacher, some suggestions are given on the teaching of collocation in the classroom. What is involved in knowing a word? In the L1 acquisition, it is very common that learners may know how to speak one word in mother tongue but they do not know how to spell this word, while in L2 acquisition, learners may know the written form of word, but they do not know how to pronounce it clearly, or learners may know one meaning of a word, however, they do not know other meanings of this word in different contexts. Even learners may know both form and meaning of a word, but they do not know how to use this word appropriately in different contexts. Therefore, knowing a word is quite a complex cognitive process, and knowing a word involves understanding many aspects of word knowledge. Nation (2001:23) points out that words are not isolated units of language. Therefore, the question of what is involved in knowing a word has attracted considerable attention in the field of vocabulary acquisition. Researchers have identified different types of word knowledge. Richards (1976) and Nation (1990, 2001) list different aspec ts of word knowledge which learners needs to know about a word. I will use Nations classification of word knowledge as the basis for my discussion. More information, see the appendix 2. In recent decades, Nation is one of the worlds leading authorities on vocabulary acquisition. Based on the earlier word framework (Nation, 1990), Nation (2001:27) points out that knowing a word involves knowing its form, meaning and use, and each category is broken down into receptive and productive knowledge. Each of these three categories can be found in the discussion brief below. More details please see appendix two. Word form Knowing one word form includes spoken form, written form and word parts (Nation, 2001). Spoke and written form are essential word knowledge which helps learners to move forward to literacy. The knowledge of phonics, word reorganization and spelling provides a basis for learners to decode word meaning and use the word appropriately in different context. Knowing the spoken form means being able to understand the spoken form in hearing this word, this is receptive knowledge, as well as being able to pronounce the word clearly and make other people understood in the conversation, this is productive knowledge. Knowing the written form means being able to recognize the written form when reading, this is receptive knowledge; in the meantime, knowing the written form means being able to spell correctly the written form in writing, this is productive knowledge (Schmitt, 2000).Schmitt points out that the more similar between the second language and first language in spelling and pronunciation, the easier learners to attain these knowledge in second language. For example, it is easier for Spanish to learn the spoken and written form of English than to learn Chinese and Japanese, due to different orthographic and pronunciation systems (ibid). In terms of word parts, it involves knowing the prefix, suffix and stem that make up a word as well as knowing the word family (Nation 2001). It is possible to decode the meaning of unknown word when knowing the prefix, suffix or stem of this word. Take the word unbelievable, for an example. Prefix un means not, opposite, believe means trust something, -able means can be, worthy of, therefore the meaning of unbelievable is Not to be believed. In addition, Nation (2001) point out that knowing a word involves knowing the members of word family that will increase as proficiency develops. For example, knowing the word able, learners may know unable, disable, in the beginning, then they will know enable, ability, abilities, disabled disability. Normally, the knowledge of phonics, word reorganization and spelling are learnt by explicit instruction, such as repeat exercises, drills and rote memorization. Although this explicit instruction helps learners to acquire this knowledge to some extent, however, too much depending on exercises and rote memorization leads to boredom and decrease motivation. The best way to develop the phonics, word reorganization and spelling skill is to provide more opportunities to engage in meaningful reading and writing in the particular context. In addition, Learners can be trained and encouraged to use learning strategies. Such as finding analogies, cover and recall, focusing on difficult parts and setting regular learning goals (Nation: 2001:46). 2.2 Word meaning: Nation (2001) points out that knowing the meaning of a word includes connecting form and meaning, concept and referents, and word associations. Normally the word form and meaning are learned together. it means that when learners hear and see the word form, the meaning of this word will retrieved, in the meantime, when they want to express the meaning of word, the form of this word will retrieved as well. Daulton (1998) points out that the same form in the target language and first language makes learning the word meanings burden light. For example, English has some loan words from Japan; this helps Japanese learn some English words easier. In terms of concepts and referents, each word has got a core concept, while other meanings vary. It means a word has got a lot of meanings depending on the different contexts. Aitcheson (1987) also points out that there is a fuzzy boundary in the meanings of a word. One of the main reasons is that schema is different in the different contexts (Schm itt, 2000). In addition, Richards (1976:81) claims that words do not exist in isolation .Knowing a word involves knowing word association. Word associations are the links that words are related to each other in peoples mind. One word is given to a learner; some other that are similar or opposite, and related words easily come to mind. e.g. Accident-car, blood, hospital. School- chair, table, classroom, students, teachers; Home- kitchen, dish, food. 2.3 Word use Nation (2001) points out that knowing how to use a word involves knowing the word grammatical functions, collocations and being aware of constraints on use due to many factors, such as register, frequency and different cultures. Grammatical function is one of the most important linguistic constraints in choosing a word to use, and grammatical function refers to word classes and what grammatical patterns one word can fit into (ibid).e.g. we can say I know a lot, I eat a lot, I read a lot, however we cannot say I knowledge a lot, I eaten a lot, I reading a lot. Register and frequency are other particular types of word constrains on use. Register is considered as the stylistic constraints that make each word more or less appropriate for certain language situations or language purposes (Schmitt, 2000:31). In terms of word frequency, High frequency words (laugh) are heard and seen and used more frequently than low frequency words (guffaw, giggle, and chuckle). Generally speaking, low frequency words are used in the particular discipline, e.g. medicine, law, engineering, literature and so on). Therefore, High frequency words are more easily recognized and recalled than low frequency words. Therefore, knowing the use of a word should be aware of constrains on use of a word. In this section, word form, word meaning and word use are discussed. Next I will select collocation as one type of word knowledge (collocation) to discuss in more detail.Firstly, I will explore the definition of collocation, the types of collocation, and then I suggest that the knowledge of collocations is essential for learners, lastly, some advice on teaching and learning collocations in the classroom are given. The definition and clarification of collocation Collocation is defined in different way by researchers. collocation refers to items whose meaning is not obvious from their parts (Palm 1933 in Firth 1957, summarised in Nation, 2001:317).e.g., blonde hair, shrug his shoulders, fizzy drink, bite the dust. According to Schmittà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ 2000:76à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °,collocation is described as the tendency of two or more words to co-occur in discourse. Here co-occurrence is the main characteristic of collocation. Similar to Schmitt, Lewis (2000:132) describes it in another way as collocation is the way in which words co-occur in natural text in statistically significant ways, in this definition, the way words naturally co-occur is emphasized. It implies that people cannot put two or more words together arbitrarily, because words co-occur naturally. In fact, it is very common that some learners in foreign and second language context tend to put two or more words together arbitrarily because of the first language interference. For example, d o a decision instead of make a decision, big rain instead of heavy rain. Nation (2001:371) defines collocation asany generally accepted grouping of words into phrases or clauses. This definition reflects the two criteria of collocation which are frequency occur together and have some degree of semantic unpredictability (ibid). The above definitions indicate that words co-occur naturally, it is not easy for learners to get the meaning of collocation form its components, and as a result, it may cause problems for learners to acquire the knowledge of collocations. The definition of collocation leads to the shift to explore the types of collocation. Collocations are divided into two basic types: grammatical/syntactic collocations and Semantic/lexical collocations (Schmitt.2000). The former refers to one word combines with other words with the grammatical rule. E.g. get used to, be good at .the latter means multi words co-occur to contribute the meaning. E.g. make a mistake, catch a bus. Lewis (2000) lists different types of collocation, such as verb+noun, noun+noun, adjective + noun, verb+adjective, fixed phrase, part of proverb, binomial, trinomial and so on. The significance of learning collocations 4.1 The underlying rule of organization of lexicon Sinclair (1991) advances two principles (the open-choice principle and the idiom principle) to explain the organization of the texts. The open-choice principle suggests that you can put any word in the slot to make texts as long as you follow the grammar rule. It is known as slot-and-filler model. However, this principle cannot explain the collocation constrains. The idiom principle highlights that there are some regularities when two or more words combine together, and Sinclair claims that there are some constrains on the choices words in discourse(ibid), in other words, the way words co-occur are not random. Hill (2000) also agrees with the idea that the lexicon is not arbitrary. E.g. commit. A relatively fixed set of words can co-occur with it. E.g. suicide, crime, murder, sin. But not promise, advice, plan. 4.2 The size of collocation Groups of words or phrases are used very frequently to express meaning in the oral and written texts. Hill (2000) claims that two or more than two words collocations make up a huge percentage in the text. It is estimated that up to 70% of everything we use in oral and written texts are fixed expression. This widely used collocation implies that if non-native learners have got a huge amount of collocation, it will be helpful for them to achieve native-like fluency in the target language. Nation (2001) also points out that knowing the collocation knowledge of a word is one of the most important aspects of knowing a word. 4.3 Native-like fluency Learning collocation helps learners to speak and write English in a more natural and accurate way (Dell and McCarthy, 2008).if learners store a huge number of collocations, this allows them to retrieve ready-made language, think more quickly and produce language efficiently (Hill 2000).in addition, they do not need to make sentences word by word to express themselves, and this assists them in using English not only naturally but accurately. According to my experience of teaching English in China, due to the first language interference, the direct translate are used to produce language, the inaccurate use of collocation is very common in the essay writing, and this is one of the main causes which lead to the emergence of Chinglish, e.g. eat medicine, make exercise, receive the telephone e, open/close the radio, look TV instead of take medicine, do exercise, answer the telephone, turn on/turn off radio, watch TV. 4.4 language acquisition Learning collocation enhances language acquisition (Hill, 2000). Nation (2001) points out that collocation helps learners to store knowledge quickly. If learners have got a huge number of collocations in mind, it is easier for them to retrieve ready-made language from their mental lexicon and think more quickly because they can recognize big chunks of language when reading and listening, and this is very helpful for them to understand the meaning in the speed of speech and the long reading texts. In contrast, if learners decode the meaning of speech and texts word by word, maybe they know the meaning of each word, however, they do not know the meaning of collocation or chunks in the long discourse. It may be difficult for them to get the accurate meaning of the speech and texts. Based on my teaching experiences as a high school English teacher, I found that most of the students in my class have got difficulty understanding the meaning of the entire paragraph due to lack of collocatio n competence. Hill (2000) also agree with this explanation that one of the main reason for having difficulty in reading or listening is due to lack of collocation competence, rather than the load of new words. E.g. as far as I know, the old sheep comes up with the idea that he will give up on his dream to look after little sheep, however, he cannot make this decision due to other people. This makes him keep crying all the time. Even though students know the meaning of each word in the above paragraph, it is still very hard for them to understand the entire paragraph because they are not familiar with some collocations inside. In the above two sections, the definition, types of collocation and the significance of collocation were discussed. In the next section, I would like to give some suggestions on teaching and learning collocations in the classroom. 5. Teaching collocations in the classroom Here are some suggestions and activities for English language teachers that will help students to acquire the knowledge of collocations in the classroom. 5.1 Raising awareness of collocation in classroom Woolard (2000) points out that raising learners awareness of the importance of collocations is a good way to help them notice them. Teachers should explain the rationale for collocation, the significance of learning collocation in language acquisition, and then make learners know that words are not used in isolation, knowing one word also means knowing which word is likely to co-occur with it, Teachers can emphasize in the classroom instruction that knowing collocations not only helps them to receive (reading and listening) and store language quickly but also produce language naturally and accurately. E.g. When teaching reading, it is an effective way to ask learners to identify collocations in the texts and let them make a list of collocations. When teaching speaking, teachers can ask learners to predict the collocations of the word. If teachers encourage learners to notice collocations in input and output teaching activities, this practice will help learners develop an ability to n otice and use collocations. It also helps learners to develop learner autonomy, when they read newspaper, listen to radio, watch TV and talk to other people in English. They will notice the existence of collocations in spoken and written texts. 5.2 Increasing language input and providing output opportunities Using the authentic reading texts is an effective way to teach collocations. In the classroom, Lewis (2000) also suggests that teachers should choose the right kind of texts which includes different types of collocations. These texts can be used in the intensive reading practice. However, this is not enough to acquire the knowledge of collocations. Krashen(1985 )points out that enough comprehensible input is a source of language acquisition. Collocations are used in different types of texts, such as newspaper, magazine, and story books. It is good for learners to do extensive reading to encounter collocations in these authentic texts and remember them in the notebooks. In addition, extensive reading provides learners with context to make the understanding of the meaning of collocation easier and deeper, therefore. Extensive reading not only helps them to know how native speakers use the collocations in the natural way, but also moves learning collocations from short to long-term memo ry. However, Swain (1995) claims that despite the fact that learners are given a rich source of comprehensible input in the French immersion programmes in Canada. It is still hard for learners to produce the native-like language proficiency. Teaching collocations also needs to provide opportunities to learners to practice how to use collocations. These activities can be some communicative activities in terms of writing and speaking. Hill, Lewis and Lewis (2000) suggest that teachers can ask learners to find the collocations in the reading texts, and then use these collocations to reconstruct the content. Some collocation errors can be found. Teachers need to write down these errors in the blackboard and make learners to analyse them. The same activities can be done by listening to tapes or stories and then ask learners to speak out the collocations. Some exercises are used to help learners acquire collocations (Dell and McCarthy, 2008). Such as Fill in blanks, Match games True/False. 5.3 Using resources: Collocation Dictionaries and corpora and concordances It is a good way to get learners use collocation dictionaries to know more about collocations. e.g. Oxford Collocations Dictionary for students of English. In addition, with the development of internet, the innovative corpora and concordances are becoming the effective way for learners to check collocations online. They provide great texts to check collocations and grow dramatically with the update texts. Corpus has brought great insights into linguistics, especially into the study of collocations. A corpus collects the written or spoken texts and stores them in the computer. It is very helpful and efficient way to use the corpus to check how the people use collocations in written or spoken texts .Sinclair (1991:32) defines a concordance is a collection of the occurrences of a word-form, each in its own textual environment. Compared to collocation dictionary, concordance allows us view more collocation lists in the corpus. However, I think it is necessary for teachers to provide learners with some training to help them use it well, this also encourage learner autonomy. 6. Conclusion In this paper, I have explained and exemplified the question what is involved knowing a word. Word form, word meaning and word use were discussed briefly. Such as spelling, pronunciation, word parts, word meanings, word associations, grammatical functions, register, collocations, frequency and so on. In these many aspects of word knowledge, collocation as one type of word knowledge was chosen to explore. First, the definition and classification of collocation were discussed, and then the reason for choosing collocations was explained. Next, this author proceeded to explore how to teach collocations in the classroom. Lastly, this paper offers some suggestions on how to help learners acquire the knowledge of collocations in the classroom. Appendix 1: The meaning of knowing a word(Richards,1976), 1 The native speaker of a language continues to expand his vocabulary in adulthood, whereas there is comparatively little development of syntax in adult life. 2 Knowing a word means knowing the degree of probability of encountering that word in speech or print. For many words we also know the sort of words most likely to be found associated with the word 3 Knowing a word implies knowing the limitations imposed on the use of the word according to variations of function and situation. 4 Knowing a word means knowing the syntactic behavior associated with that word. 5 Knowing a word entails knowledge of the underlying form of a word and the derivations that can be made from it. 6 Knowing a word entails knowledge of the network of associations between that word and other words in language. 7 Knowing a word means knowing the semantic value of a word. 8 Knowing a word means knowing many of the different meanings associated with the word. Appendix 2: What is involved in knowing a word? (Nation, 2001) Form spoken R P What does the word sound like? How is the word pronounced? written R P What does the word look like? How is the word written and spelled? word parts R P What parts are recognizable in this word? What word parts are needed to express the meaning? Meaning Form and meaning R P What meaning does this word form signal? What word form can be used to express this meaning? Concept and referents R P What is included in the concept? What items can the concept refer to? associations R P What other words does this make us think of? What other words could we use instead of this one? Use grammatical functions R P In what patterns does the word occur? In what patterns must we use this word? collocations R P What words or types of words occur with this one? What words or types of words must we use with this one? constraints on use (register, frequency ) R P Where, when, and how often would we expect to meet this word? Where, when, and how often can we use this word?

Case Study Analysis Essay -- Business Hospital Management Essays

Case Study Analysis Chris Smith received a promotion to executive assistant to the chief executive officer at Faith Community Hospital. On Chris’s first day as executive assistant his boss, Pat, the CEO of Faith Community Hospital, meets with Chris to discuss, what the hospital does and some of the problems that the hospital is having. At the end of the meeting, Pat asks Chris to prepare a report that covers three areas: what is going on right now, what they can do about it, and what they should do about it. In the beginning of the meeting, Pat gives Chris some background information on the hospital, Pat’s position, and the company’s mission statement. Pat is the CEO of the hospital and reports directly to the Board of Directors of the Faith Foundation, whose diversity provides many different ways of thinking and decision-making. Although the hospital has a mission statement it seems like very few people are following it now a days, everybody has interpreted the mission statement to suit his or her needs. This is where the problems begin to occur. Faith Community is a non-profit organization designed to provide care to people from all lifestyles, but because of a growing number of problems, they have to re-evaluate how the actual running of the hospital and how the patients are being treated. With the diversity in thinking and decision-making, this is no easy task. Pat’s job is to figure out what is going wrong and how they can fix it and report these solutions to the Board of Directors. The first problem that Faith Community Hospital faces is the treatment the patients are receiving or the lack of treatment they are receiving. Because Faith Community is a religious based hospital sometimes individual’s personal beliefs can get in the way. Some medical personnel are refusing to administer certain procedures due to their beliefs, while some patients refuse certain procedures because of their beliefs. Currently the hospital faces the chance of charges being pressed from Child Protective Services, who allege that the hospital failed to provide services to the child. Some of the orders are not being followed or are being ignored because of how certain staff members feel, as well as the family members. The second problem that Faith Community Hospital faces is staff members providing free health care to people who cannot afford it without autho... ...nce their balance and make monthly payments. By financing the balance the hospital can add on interest to the overall balance, which will help pay for the employees needed to create this kind of department. The final issue that needs to be discussed at this meeting is employing people from social services. By having these people onsite they can immediately help uninsured patients apply for Medicaid or Medicare. If the patients qualify than they are covered by the state, and the hospital will be reimbursed for the services that they provide which will help with the hospitals increasing premiums, by taking patients away from using the hospitals insurance. Overall Faith Community Hospital is not in bad shape, a few minor problems need to be solved to get the hospital back on its feet and to help the hospital break even with their costs. By employing these special programs and revising the policies and procedures handbook, Faith Community Hospital can be providing quality health care to more people everyday and still afford to stay in business. These programs have worked well in other hospitals to offset the costs they incur and they can do the same for Faith Community Hospital.

Native Americans in the United States and African American Cowboys

Tenzin Dolkar APUSH, DAY-2-2 TO WHOM AND TO WHAT EXTENT WAS THE AMERICAN WEST A LAND OF OPPORTUNITY 1865 – 1890 During the year of 1865 to 1890, the American’s west land was a land of economic development for Native American, white settlers from the east across the Mississippi farmers, miners, ranchers and as well as African American cowboys and immigrants for Irish and Chines, moving west for goal of economic achievement and their position for profit.First, the Native Americans people opened the way of exploitation of the west land naturel environment. The Dawes Act, which turned Indians into landowners and farmers and distributed 160 acres for farming, designed Indians as individual rather than a group of tribes. The railroad made their trip easier, which Pacific Railroad Act was passed in 186, law allowed construction of new transportation systems.The Act also provided grants of land and limited jobs for immigrants’ worker on railroad, especially Chines immigr ants worked for a lower wage and discovered millions of gold and silvers. The immigrants worked for a wealthy white settler in the west. Moreover, the railroad opened faster access for transportation for castles, miners and all the peoples, who were making money. Including the Homestead Act was passed; its offered 160 acres of land for any settlers live on the land for five or more years with little registration fees.It helped poor people to achieve economic business and farmers who needed more land, were permitted to purchase of up to 160 acres of land for $2. 50. The farmers took advantage of Westland by doing international market, which mostly depended on railroads for shipment. Even farmers had difficulties of weather conditions, the produced the agricultural business by the Bonanza farm. The farmers were hopes to getting rich soon.Together with the African American cowboys and cattle industry turned into a new marker as well. Because of Indians on to new reservation and the rai lroad opportunities bring them easier transportation anywhere in urban markets; without the railroads the new business were take a time to make money . In brief, west land was a place of a new beginning for people who were moving for seeking life and opportunities and hoping to get rich. The wealthy white settlers made the most profit in Westland.

Easy A - 1164 Words

Sociology of Deviance and Crime: Essay Question: Write a social sciences essay based on a documentary or film. Explore how deviance and/or crime are presented in this text and relate your findings to the various sociological perspectives and theories studied in class. Choice of text: Easy A (2010 movie) Deviance is an unavoidable part of human nature, and as such, is a fascinating and essential social phenomenon to study. The film Easy A explores how a high school student turns to deviance in order to benefit in popularity and financially. A number of sociological theories are recognisable in this film. It demonstrates clearly the motivations behind how primary deviance leads to secondary deviance. The text raises the theories of†¦show more content†¦Although this isn t her true personality, Olive feels validated - she has an identity. Therefore, social exclusion is a motivating factor for Olive to turn to deviance. However, she isn t the only character to do so. Olive first lies about losing her virginity to her best friend, but the first real deviant act comes when she and her gay friend Brandon deceive the whole school. Olive quickly gains popularity when most of the student body witnesses, from the other side of the door, her having sex at a party with a boy from school. Little does everyone know that it is all a ruse to get them to think that Brandon, her fake sex partner, is not gay in hopes that this very public display of sexual activity will prevent daily beatings at school and it works! (Perry et al., 2011) Being an openly gay student in high school, Brandon is subjected to torment, discrimination and marginalisation. Consistent deviance often leads to marginalisation, and gender deviance is a prime example. Brandon was beat up at school and rejected by friends. 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